A nuclear weapon, the definition of a nuclear weapon, information on nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapon is the weapon of destruction of lethal uses of nuclear reaction, depends in its destructiveness on the process of nuclear fission or nuclear fusion; a result of this process is the explosion of a small nuclear bomb much larger than the explosion of the largest conventional bombs where can one nuclear bomb to destroy or damage heavy city as a whole. So nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction and their manufacture and use is subject to international controls is critical and the pursuit of possession of a goal sought by all nations.
The little boy is the code name given to the first atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in August 6, 1945 from the B-29 bomber "Enola Gay" which was led by Paul Alcolinal Tabets of Squadron 393 of the U.S. Air Force. This is the first bomb is a nuclear weapon is used, and three days later were dropped the second bomb "Fat Man" (Fat Man in English: Fat Man) on Nagasaki.
Exploded its first nuclear bomb test in July 16, 1945 in an area called Desert Alamogordo, located in the state of New Mexico in the United States and called the bomb as the bomb (a) and the exam was a revolution in the world of explosive materials, weapons, destructive, and in this process, the circular shape a small-sized palm of the hand can cause an explosion measuring up to the force of an explosion caused by hundreds of thousands of tons of TNT "TNT."
Used the atomic bomb twice in the history of wars; and they were both during World War II when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in the late days of the war, caused the attack nuclear Japan more than 000'120 people, mostly civilians, at the same moment It also led to the deaths of more than twice this number in subsequent years as a result of radiation poisoning, or what is known as syndrome acute radiation, criticized many countries nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but the United States claimed it was the best way to avoid a greater number of deaths that continued to World War second longer.
After a nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to the present; occurred approximately 2000 nuclear explosion was a whole explosions experimental tests carried out by the seven countries that have declared possession of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia), France and the United Kingdom, China, Pakistan and India. There are a number of states that may possess nuclear weapons but did not announce it like Israel, North Korea and Ukraine [the claim is documented since 745 days], and Iran recently accused by a number of governments as one of the countries with nuclear capability. Use nuclear weapons in the present day as a political pressure and as a defensive strategy, and use of nuclear power is also non-military uses of nuclear energy.
Date of the nuclear bombThis bomb was developed in the Manhattan Project during World War II and derive the explosive power of nuclear fission of uranium 235. The bombing of Hiroshima is the second artificial nuclear explosion in history (the first is the "Trinity" to test), and was the first uranium-based purpose of the bombing. Just 600 milligrams of uranium has been converted into energy for destruction. Exploded and destructive capacity equivalent to between 13 and 18 kilotons of TNT, killing nearly 140,000 people. Not tested this design in the Trinity test site, unlike the plutonium bomb (Fat Man), the most complex, which has been tested. The quantity of enriched uranium available at this time is very small at the time, and it was felt that the design of simple uranium bomb should be to work there's no need to test it.
Exploded its first nuclear bomb test in July 16, 1945 in an area called Desert Alamogordo, located in the state of New Mexico in the United States and called the bomb as the bomb (a) has culminated in the successful efforts of years of work, known as the Project Manhattan, this was a test as a revolution in the world of explosive materials that was before the invention of the atomic bomb based on its strength on the deflagration of the chemicals that lead to the emergence of energy dependent only on the electrons in the orbit of the atom; unlike a nuclear bomb that derives its energy from the atomic nucleus based on the process of nuclear fission, and this process, the circular shape a small the size of palm of the hand can cause an explosion measuring up to the force of an explosion caused by 000'500 tons of TNT.
Been the development of the bomb (a), manufactured and tested by Masmi Manhattan Project, which was a huge American institution was formed in 1942 in the midst of World War II project included the most prominent physicists in the United States, such as Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer and the chemist Harold Urey. After World War II, the Atomic Energy Commission in the United States to conduct research on hydrogen bombs and gradually started to produce nuclear bombs, much smaller than nuclear bombs primary, which was a huge size and began the process of installation of nuclear warheads on missiles, conventional can be launched from a mobile platform or from the the surface of the sea and even from deep under the ocean.
Nuclear attack on Hiroshima and NagasakiUsed the atomic bomb twice in the history of wars; and they were both during World War II when the United States dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and other atomic bomb on Nagasaki on at 8:15 almost completely after 3 days, on August 9, 1945 Both cities are located in Japan. This has led to the shooting down of these bombs killed 120,000 people in the same moment, and nearly twice that many years later. The vast majority of the victims in these two cities, of civilians, many countries have criticized the nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but the United States claimed it was the best way to avoid a greater number of deaths that the Second World War lasted longer.
For the time beingAfter a nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to the present; occurred approximately 2000 nuclear explosion was a whole explosions experimental tests carried out by the seven countries that have declared possession of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia), France and the United Kingdom, China, Pakistan, India and North Korea. There are some countries that have been accused of trying to manufacture nuclear weapons or manufacture, and already the most prominent of Egypt and Turkey. Also believed that Israel also has nuclear weapons, although it did not deny or confirm this.
Types of nuclear weaponsFission nuclear weapons: a types of nuclear weapons strength lies in the process of nuclear fission of a heavy, such as uranium, with atomic mass number 235 and plutonium with an atomic mass of No. 239 where the spur of these elements Altqilh on fission by shedding a package of neutrons to the nucleus, which lead to break apart into several parts of each component part after the fusion the initial possessed of neutrons own Matkva to stimulate fission another and continue this series of Alonctarat that are to take place normally in nuclear reactors and all the process of fission leads to the creation of large amounts of kinetic energy, and include sub-types: bombs, critical mass, bomb materials fertilized.
Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear weapons, which is the source of its strength with the process of nuclear fusion when combined nuclei of light-mass such as a deuterium and lithium to form heavier elements in terms of mass, where it is stimulating a series of union between these two elements produces the series of mergers quantities large kinetic energy, called the bombs manufactured in this way the name of hydrogen bombs or nuclear bombs heat as the series of mergers stimulating the nuclei of these light elements require large amounts of heat and is the neutron bomb and hydrogen of the most important types of nuclear fusion, can hydrogen bombs events of damage up to 50 megatons (million tons) achieved one of the bombs, pilot tested by the Soviet Union, but the obstacle size and weight and the challenge of linking with a missile carrier makes bombs Alheiddrugenih Almskhaddma now less powerful.
Synthesis of nuclear weapons: one is the types of nuclear weapons that are manufactured in two steps, is the idea of this type of weapon in the formation of so-called ultra critical mass and this is the integration of two blocks, each block of sub-critical. For the purpose of merging them together sheds enormous pressure suddenly the two blocs Vtendmjan intraday in a single block becomes Ktlthma college over the critical mass and explode an atomic bomb and result in massive amounts of heat and kinetic energy, and include sub-types: grenades fission corrected, bombs, fission of the compression procedure
Effects of a nuclear explosionCan be divided into the effects of a nuclear explosion to three types of effects:
Effects resulting from the explosion of a nuclear bomb
Thermal effects of nuclear bomb
Radiation effects of nuclear bombs
The spread of nuclear arms in the worldAt the present time; there are 5 states announced that it has nuclear weapons states, and has signed a treaty to reduce the spread of nuclear weapons. These countries are: United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia), France and the United Kingdom and China. There are two states have declared they possess nuclear weapons without the expectation that the Treaty on the Limitation of the spread of nuclear weapons, Pakistan and India. North Korea officially announced its possession of nuclear weapons but did not provide concrete evidence about the testing of nuclear bomb, and a lot of mystery surrounding the nuclear issue of Korea. In contrast to North Korea, South Africa has a nuclear arsenal in the past but decided to destroy it.
There are considerable doubts in Israel's possession of nuclear weapons, is that Israeli governments have not been announced officially or deny possessing nuclear weapons so far. And recently directed the charges against Iran by the United States and some Western governments possessing bomb materials fertilized, a type of fission nuclear weapons, but Iran has denied the accusations; still controversy exists about the permit Iran to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections of Iranian nuclear reactors.
Countries may have nuclear weaponsThere is a belief that these countries could have nuclear bomb and at least one:
Israel, called Israel a nuclear reactor Dimona Israel insists that they use it for peaceful purposes. In 1986 revealed one Israeli scientists and called Mordechai Vanunu, the Dimona reactor for information and as a result he was kidnapped and arrested by the Israeli Mossad. There is a belief that Israel's 1979 bombing of a test conducted without the evidence available to prove the allegations. [4]
Iran, and Iran signed a Treaty on the Limitation of the spread of nuclear weapons; and also insists on the tongue and Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi said the nuclear reactor used for peaceful purposes only, but said it served more than 6,000 centrifuges in 2008 and this is what has worried the West.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea, withdrew from the Treaty on the Limitation of the spread of nuclear weapons in the January 10, 2003, in February 2005 declared possession of nuclear weapons effective, but the lack of testing raised doubts about these allegations.
Nuclear weapons during the Cold WarAfter the end of World War II, the U.S. continues to develop its nuclear capabilities and focused in the first years after the war to develop the type of aircraft Convair B-36 to be able to carry nuclear bombs more powerful. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union for the first time blew up a trial for a nuclear bomb in the area of Simi Balatnsk located in Kazakhstan and was a surprise to the United States, which did not imagine that the Soviets will be able to build a nuclear arsenal so quickly; note that scientists in the Manhattan Project had warned the White House that the Soviet Union in the future will be able to manufacture nuclear weapons. There are allegations that the KGB was able to get the outline for the design and synthesis of nuclear weapons was the first bomb is a very similar version of the fission bomb with a compression procedure, which was thrown on the city Nakasaka.
Manufacture of Soviet intercontinental missiles sparked panic in the United States
Began to tense White House, which decided to transfer responsibility for overseeing the nuclear weapons from the U.S. military to a special committee named; Atomic Energy Commission in anticipation of the individual decisions may be taken by the leaders of the military use of nuclear weapons. And then began to deploy nuclear arms, so she United States, supported by some Western European governments have pro potential of making a nuclear arsenal, the United Kingdom has its first test explosion in 1952, followed by France in 1960. Although the arsenal of the United Kingdom and France have been smaller than the arsenal of the Soviet Union, but the geographical proximity of the Soviet Union was an important strategic factor in the Cold War.
Began a new round of nuclear proliferation as a means of strategic defense in the Cold War in May 1957 when the Soviet Union succeeded in the manufacture of missiles with nuclear warheads, intercontinental, sparking panic in the ranks of the U.S. government. John F. Kennedy in his campaign to use this development; stating that the Soviet Union became more developed than the United States in terms of manufacturing rockets and promised to put the development of U.S. missiles in the forefront of his priorities if elected president. Indeed, after his election, he developed missile technology, and narrow the gap that was threatening the security of the United States as envisaged by the U.S. administration.
In 1962, Cold War saw a serious escalation, when provided with the Soviet Union, Cuba, a group of nuclear missiles; and continued this serious crisis of thirteen days, was one of the most dangerous days of the Cold War and the crisis ended in the October 28, 1962 decision of Nikita Khrushchev retrieve missiles to Soviet territory with the recognition of the United States Cuba as a socialist. In the eighties saw the nuclear arms race in the Cold War developed, another arm submarines, nuclear missiles and the Soviet Union was the first to arrive at such a military capability.
Systems, the launch of nuclear missilesNuclear rocket systems are a group of systems used to develop a nuclear bomb exploded in the place you want to or near the main objective, and there are a variety of means to achieve this purpose, including:
Guided bombs, the influence of gravity This is the way of the oldest methods used in the history of nuclear weapons, the means used to drop bombs with fission corrected on the city of Hiroshima bombs and fission of the compression procedure, which was thrown on the city Nakasaka where the bombs are designed for the aircraft by shooting down the desired goals or near them.
Guided missiles with nuclear warheads for missiles, which is a particular path to follow can not go out with him. The launch of these rockets usually quickly ranging amount of between 1.1 km per second to 1.3 km per second and divide these missiles are generally short-range missiles and a range of up to less than 1000 km, including, for example missiles V-2 German, and Scud missiles of Soviet missiles and SS- 21 Russian. There is also a medium-range missiles with ranges up to 2500 - 3500 km. Finally; there intercontinental missiles and a range of up to more than 3500 km. The commonly used medium-range missiles and ballistic loading of nuclear warheads; while the short-range rockets used for offensive purposes in conventional battles. Since the seventies saw the manufacture of guided missiles, a major development in terms of accuracy in the injury of its objectives.
Mobile missiles, cruise, such as BM-GM -109 Tomahawk, these missiles are targeted and used a tool able to launch the rocket jet to fly long distances estimated at thousands of kilometers. Since 2001 the focus was on the use of this type of missiles by the United States Navy and the manufacturing cost of each missile, about U.S. $ 2 million. These include the quality of the rocket - in turn - are of two types; type capable of carrying nuclear warheads, and another carrying only conventional warheads.
'Missiles with nuclear warheads from the submarine in September 1955 the Soviet Union succeeded in launching the missiles, and formed an important turning point in the course of the Cold War. Able to the United States after many years of manufacturing missiles are similar.
Other delivery systems include the use of batch shells, mines and mortars. These types of systems, all systems smaller in size, and can be moved and used easily. It is most famously known as the American mortars Davy Crockett, which is designed in the fifties was provided by West Germany during the Cold War, and they contain a nuclear warhead force 20 tons of TNT. Was tested in 1962 in the Nevada desert in the United States.
The Non-Proliferation Treaty of Nuclear WeaponsEmerged since the fifties sounds anti-testing and nuclear arms, which was conducted from June 16, 1945 until December 31, 1953 more than fifty explosion a nuclear test, prompting a lot of international figures to express their rejection of such acts, notably Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India at the time, which invited to abandon any nuclear tests, without receiving calls will be heeded by the great powers at that time because of its involvement in the details of the Cold War.
Started the first attempts to limit nuclear weapons in 1963; where signed by 135 nations of the Convention called Treaty partial nuclear tests and the United Nations oversight of the Treaty; note that China and France did not sign this treaty and were from countries with efficient nuclear weapons.
In 1968 was the signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of the spread of nuclear weapons, but Pakistan and India, two countries possess nuclear weapons did not sign this treaty, and North Korea withdrew from in 2003.
In the September 10, 1996 opened a new treaty called the Treaty of the signing of the total reduction of nuclear testing and prevent the detonation of any nuclear bombs; even for peaceful purposes. Was the signing of this treaty by 71 countries so far. But for the purpose of transfer of this Treaty to the practical decision must be ratified by each of the forty-four the following: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, North Korea and the Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan and Mexico and the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Pêro, Poland, Romania, South Korea, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the United States, Vietnam and Saudi Arabia.
To this day, some forty-four countries that must ratify the treaty signing. India did not sign, Pakistan and North Korea and other countries have signed but have not taken a decision to ratify the Treaty; and these countries are China, Colombia, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States, Indonesia and Vietnam. Not expected to do any of these countries to ratify the treaty in the near future, which is experiencing most of these areas to prevent political tensions of ratification of this Treaty.
